Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology

FROM PICTOGRAPHY TO ALPHABET; THE EVOLUTION OF THE WRITING SYSTEM

Kamoliddinova Durdona

Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur nomidgi Andijon davlat universiteti Tarix va ijtimoiy fanlar fakulteti 2-bosqich talabasi

Keywords: history of writing, pictography, ideography, logography, alphabet, written culture, ancient civilizations.

Abstract

The article is dedicated to the history of the origin and development of writing, which is a fundamental component of humanity's cultural heritage. It reveals the path from the simplest and most visual form of writing—pictography—through complex systems (ideograms, syllabograms) to the invention of the alphabet based on the phonetic principle. This process is illustrated by the example of the development and improvement of writing systems in various ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Phoenicia, and Greece.

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